Groundwater Pollution in Libya: Sources, Environmental and Health Impacts, Prevention and Remediation Strategies

Abstract

Libya's arid climate and lack of surface water resources make groundwater the most valuable freshwater resource. Groundwater supplies domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. But, due to the higher pressure on the ground, the intensive agricultural activity, poor wastewater management, poor solid waste management and the intrusion of seawater, the groundwater is exposed to a high risk. This review summarizes the main sources of groundwater pollution in Libya, reviews the chemical contaminants, biological contaminants and emerging contaminants and discusses their environmental and public health impacts. The study is founded on scientific literature review, groundwater quality assessment and international water quality guidelines. Salinity, TDS, nitrate pollution, microbial pollution, and heavy metals have been mentioned in different Libyan regions as concerns in the past. To achieve effective protection of groundwater, integrated monitoring programs, sustainable water management, prevention of pollution and use of suitable remediation technologies are necessary. The current review clearly indicates the necessity for comprehensive groundwater quality assessment and long term protection plan in Libya.