Libyan Open University Journal of Applied Sciences (LOUJAS)
The Libyan Open University Journal of Applied Sciences (LOUJAS) (eISSN: 3106-0919) is a distinguished, peer-reviewed scientific journal proudly published by the Libyan Open University. With a commitment to fostering scientific discourse and knowledge dissemination, LOUJAS releases new issues twice a year, ensuring a consistent platform for researchers. Scope and Disciplines LOUJAS is dedicated to covering a wide array of disciplines within the applied sciences. This broad scope allows the journal to publish cutting-edge research from various fields, including but not limited to: Engineering and Technology Environmental Sciences Computer Science and Information Technology Agricultural Sciences Material Science Biotechnology Applied Physics Applied Chemistry Mathematics and Statistics (with applied focus) The journal welcomes original research articles, review papers, and short communications that contribute significantly to their respective fields and have practical applications. Mission and Vision LOUJAS aims to be a leading journal in the region, providing a robust platform for scholarly exchange and the publication of high-quality, impactful research. Its mission is to: Promote scientific research in applied sciences. Facilitate the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations. Support the academic community by offering a rigorous peer-review process. Contribute to the advancement of science and technology, both locally and globally. Connect with LOUJAS You can explore the journal's published articles and learn more about their submission guidelines by visiting their official website: Website: https://oujournals.ly/index.php/LOUJAS For any inquiries, submissions, or general communication, the LOUJAS team can be reached through the following channels: Email: loujas.editor@ou.edu.ly WhatsApp: 00218913426255 LOUJAS stands as a testament to the Libyan Open University's dedication to academic excellence and its role in advancing scientific understanding in the applied sciences.
Parental Awareness of Growth and Developmental Delay in Children Under Five in Tobruk, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Early detection of childhood developmental delays (DD) relies heavily on parental vigilance and health literacy. This study assessed baseline awareness of developmental milestones and clinical red flags among parents of children under five in Tobruk, Libya, evaluating the impact of socio-demographic determinants on developmental screening outcomes. Methods: A clinic- and community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tobruk during Febuarary 2026. Using convenience sampling, a validated Arabic questionnaire was distributed to Libyan parents to evaluate socio-demographic profiles, milestone recognition (speech and gross motor), and healthcare-seeking behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 26.0). Results: Among the 305 participants analyzed, mothers predominated (86.2%, n=263) and 72.1% (n=220) held university degrees. While 84.9% (n=259) were familiar with the term "developmental delay," specific knowledge varied: 54.4% (n=166) and 81.3% (n=248) correctly identified the 1-2 years expected window for speech production and independent walking, respectively. However, roughly one-third of the sample misestimated these timelines. Encouragingly, 82.0% (n=250) recognized a child's failure to respond to their name as a clinical red flag, and 80.0% (n=244) agreed that speech delays require medical evaluation. Physicians were the primary source of developmental information (41.6%, n=127), followed by family networks (24.3%) and the internet (23.6%). Conclusion: General awareness of developmental delay is remarkably high among this educated urban demographic in Tobruk, yet specific gaps remain regarding precise milestone timelines. Public health strategies should leverage high community trust in clinicians to incorporate standardized screening into routine pediatric and vaccination visits.
Developmental Delay, Parental Awareness, Child Development, Cross-Sectional, Tobruk, Libya, Academic Pediatric Research
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Extracts from Olive (Olea europaea) Plant Growing in Libya
There is an increasing link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage in neurodegenerative dis-eases. Therefore, there is the need for safer natural neuroprotective drugs to protect neurons from damage. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of natural extracts derived from Olea Europaea plants from Libya. Leaves and fruits of the olives were extracted using ethanol and methanol solvents. The extracts were then analyzed for the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidants, and neuroprotective activity was determined using neuronal cell models. Findings from the study show that olive extract was rich in phenols, flavonoids, oleuropein, and hydroxytryrosol in methanol extracts of leaves. There was a high free radical scavengeing capacity as shown by antioxidant activity tests. Moreover, neuroprotective studies show that the extracts could in-crease neuronal cell viability and reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Inflammation markers such as TNF-α and IL-6 were also inhibited by the extracts.
Olea Europaea, Neuroprotection, Antioxidant Activity, Olive Extracts, Neurodegenerative Diseases
The Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Documenting and Analyzing Raw Material Quarries for the Cement Industry in Libya: A Case Study of the Souq Al-Khamis Plant
This study addresses the importance and role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in improving and developing the management of mining activities for raw material quarries used in the cement industry. Through a case study on the quarries of the Souk El-Khamis cement plant in Libya, the research focused on establishing a spatial geodatabase using ArcGIS software. This was aimed at mapping, documenting, and archiving quarry locations, estimating reserves, and analyzing the geological and geomechanical properties of the extracted rocks. The study relied on field data and previous technical reports to build spatial layers and analyze geological relationships and mining field boundaries, thereby improving resource utilization efficiency and supporting planning and management processes. The results demonstrated that the utilization of GIS enhances the decision-making process and elevates the efficiency of mining operations management. The study recommends expanding this approach to the remaining cement plants in Libya and establishing an integrated national system for geological and mining data.
Geographic Information Systems GIS Cement Industry Limestone Mining Souq Al Khamis Libya Spatial Databases
Investigating the influence of switching from load forecasting to net load forecasting on the forecasting accuracy
Forecasting the electric load is important in the energy sector for ensuring a stable and economic power system operation. However, the increasing integration of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, into the grid has created a need for predicting the net load, that is, the amount of load remaining after renewable energy sources cover a portion of the total energy demand. The scientific literature contains numerous forecasting techniques and methods that can be used to forecast the load or the net load. Electricity companies may rely on a particular load forecasting method and apply it to net load forecasting as well. Therefore, this paper investigates whether this approach yields similar forecasting accuracy. The research utilizes Adaptive Neuro Fussy Inference Systems (ANFIS) as an advanced artificial intelligence-based forecasting technique to predict the load and the net load using real historical data from the Spanish electricity grid which is characterized by a significant contribution of wind and solar power. The study also uses the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) as evaluation criteria. The results show that, when using the same forecasting method, the accuracy of net load forecasting is lower than that of load forecasting. Therefore, when planning to integrate additional wind and solar power into the electricity grid, electricity companies should not rely on the same method for forecasting the net load but should take the necessary measures to restore the accuracy of net load forecasting to the desired level
Load forecasting, net load forecasting, forecasting methods and accuracy, ANFIS, wind and solar power
The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Patients of Msallatah and Al-Khoms Cities
Helicobacter pylori is a spiral, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa and constitutes the most common chronic bacterial infection worldwide, predisposing to peptic ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, and gastric malignancies. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2024 and April 2025 at random Laboratories in Msallatah and Al-Khoms cities, Libya, to determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori infection and its association with age, gender, and residence. A total of 250 patients (102 males, 148 females; age range 10–75 years) undergoing physician-requested serological testing were enrolled. Venous blood samples were processed for serum and analyzed using ELISA kits to detect anti-H. pylori IgG/IgM antibodies. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 25. Overall, 44.8% of participants tested positive for H. pylori antibodies. Seroprevalence was slightly higher in Al-Khoms (24.8%) than in Msallatah (20.0%), and greater among females (27.2%) than males (17.6%). Age-specific prevalence peaked in the 32 - 42 year group (59.4%) and was lowest in the 65 – 75 year group (42.3%). These results reveal a substantial burden of H. pylori infection in Msallatah and Al-Khoms, with demographic disparities by age and gender, underscoring the need for better diagnostic access and targeted public health interventions.
H. pylori, seroprevalence, infection, population, transmission routes
Validation and Parametric Study Using Energy and Exergy Analysis for a Simple Gas Turbine Power Plant
This paper presents the model validation and a comprehensive parametric study for the energy and exergy analysis of the Siemens SGT5-2000E gas turbine power plant operating at Al-Ruwais Gas Power Station in Al-Hawamid, Western Mountain region, Libya. Aspen Plus simulation software was employed alongside energy and exergy analyses based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The validation results demonstrated excellent agreement between the simulation outputs and the manufacturer's ISO design data, with a maximum power deviation of 0.21%, a thermal efficiency match of 34.7%, and near-perfect agreement in exhaust gas temperature and mass flow rate. The parametric study revealed that increasing the compressor inlet air temperature from 10°C to 50°C causes a significant reduction in net power output and thermal efficiency, accompanied by a corresponding increase in specific fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. Exergy analysis identified the combustion chamber as the component with the highest exergy destruction rate, rendering it the most critical element affecting energy conversion quality. These findings confirm the operational limitations of the simple gas turbine cycle under hot climatic conditions and support the need for integrated optimization technologies.
Gas turbine; Model validation; Exergy analysis; Aspen Plus; Al-Ruwais plant; Libya.
“A Study of Some Methods for Solving First-Order Linear and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations”
This research addresses the most important analytical methods for solving first-order partial differential equations. Lagrange’s method is based on transforming a linear partial differential equation into a system of ordinary differential equations through characteristic relations, which facilitates the determination of the general solution.The Cauchy problem, on the other hand, is concerned with finding the solution of a partial differential equation subject to given initial conditions on a curve or a surface. It is widely used in physical applications to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions.In contrast, Charpit’s method is considered an extension of Lagrange’s method, specifically applied to solving first-order nonlinear partial differential equations. This method transforms the equation into a differential system that assists in obtaining the necessary integrals required to derive the general solution.These methods demonstrate significant importance in simplifying complex equations and transforming them into forms that can be handled mathematically with greater efficiency.
Predictive Maintenance of a Marine Diesel Engine Cooling System Using Thermo-Hydraulic Operating Relationships
This study investigates the cooling system of an MTU marine diesel engine as one of the critical subsystems responsible for maintaining the engine’s thermal stability and ensuring operation within safe design limits specified by the manufacturer. The study adopts an analytical–applied methodology combining theoretical analysis based on heat transfer and fluid mechanics principles, with practical implementation using Arduino UNO for data acquisition and monitoring of cooling parameters. The research focuses on the relationships between Cooling Temperature (CT), Cooling Pressure (CP), and Cooling Flow Rate (CF), as the most representative indicators of the cooling system’s operational condition , The results indicate that deviations in these variables can serve as early indicators of faults such as pump inefficiency, heat exchanger fouling, or air entrainment in the circuit. The study confirms that analyzing the graphical relationships between these parameters provides a practical framework for implementing predictive maintenance strategies in marine diesel engines and enhances operational reliability while reducing unexpected failures.
Predictive maintenance; Marine diesel engine; Cooling system; Thermo-hydraulic behaviour; Condition monitoring; Fault diagnosis
Geometry and Material Effects on Steel Column Performance Under Axial Loads
This study presents a comparative analysis of three structural geometries-rectangular columns, I-shaped beams, and hollow circular tubes—fabricated from ASTM A36 and AISI 4340 steels under axial loading conditions ranging from 50 to 250 kN. Stress capacity, deflection, and strain responses were evaluated to determine the influence of geometry and material selection on structural efficiency. Results indicate that hollow circular tubes exhibit the highest stress capacity, particularly when manufactured from AISI 4340 steel, achieving values up to (1.99 E+7, N/m^2) at 250 KN. However, this advantage is accompanied by increased deflections, raising potential serviceability concerns. I-shaped columns in AISI 4340 provide a balanced performance, combining near maximum stress resistance with reduced deflections (≈ 0.08 m). Rectangular columns consistently underperformed across both materials, underscoring their limited efficiency in high-load applications. The findings highlight the critical role of geometry optimization and material selection in enhancing structural performance, with implications for the design of load-bearing systems in civil and mechanical engineering.
ASTM A36 steel, AISI 4340 steel, rectangular column, I-beam, hollow circular tube, axial loading, structural efficiency, stress capacity, deflection, strain analysis, geometry optimization
A Comprehensive Study of Ad Hoc Networks: Routing, Challenges, and Security
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks are highly dynamic, self-organizing networks that do not rely on any fixed infrastructure, allowing mobile nodes to communicate directly with one another. These networks are particularly useful in scenarios where conventional communication systems are unavailable, such as in disaster recovery, emergency response, military operations, temporary events, and social or collaborative applications. Each node in an Ad Hoc Network can function both as a host and a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes and thus extending network coverage in a flexible and decentralized manner. The architecture of these networks supports various routing strategies to efficiently manage data transmission. Flat routing approaches treat all nodes equally, while hierarchical or clustering-based methods organize nodes into groups to reduce overhead and improve scalability. Proactive protocols maintain up-to-date routing information at all times, ensuring low-latency communication, whereas reactive protocols discover routes only when necessary, reducing unnecessary traffic but sometimes introducing initial delays. Hybrid protocols combine elements of both proactive and reactive strategies to balance efficiency, latency, and network overhead. Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks is a major concern due to the open nature of wireless communication and the constant movement of nodes. Networks are susceptible to threats such as data interception, tampering, privacy breaches, and denial-of-service attacks. Effective security mechanisms, including encryption, authentication, trust management, and intrusion detection, are essential to ensure reliable communication and protect sensitive information. Overall, Wireless Ad Hoc Networks provide a versatile and robust communication framework. Proper selection of routing protocols and implementation of security measures enhance network reliability, maintain connectivity despite frequent topology changes, and support the expanding applications of mobile networks across civilian, commercial, and military domains. With their flexibility, scalability, and resilience, these networks continue to play a crucial role in modern mobile communication systems.
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Dynamic Routing, Hybrid Protocols, Security and Data Protection, Scalability, and Decentralized Communication
Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Palm Fiber Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chenensis) Growth
This study evaluated the synergetic effects of coconut husk biochar and palm fiber as soil amendments on moisture retention and Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chenensis) growth under water-limited conditions. An experiment was performed through a completely randomized design pot with four treatments: control (T0), 5% biochar (T1), 5% palm fiber (T2), and 5% biochar + 5% palm fiber (T3) and restricted irrigation of about 200 mL poultice by pot every two days for the period of experimental phase which last for over duration of time up until n=3 pots were completed in milestone. At the final harvest, combined amendment T3 was significantly more effective than all treatments for plant height (15.67 ± 0.58 cm), leaf count (12.00 ± 0.00), fresh biomass (34.67 ± 0.58 g) and dry biomass (3.50 ± 0.00 g) representing an increase of 36.9% and 180% in fresh and dry biomass compared to the control, respectively. At Week 5, soil moisture was highest in T3 (32.67 ± 2.52%) while increased electrical conductivity in biochar-amended treatments reflected enhanced potassium availability not salinisation. These results demonstrate to validate that biochar and palm fiber work synergistically, as the biochar improves water and nutrient retention while the palm fiber enhances soil aggregate stability, representing a promising and inexpensive amendment for arid or semi-arid sandy loam under limited irrigation in many farming systems.
biochar, palm fiber, soil water retention, Pak Choi, water-limited conditions, potassium availability, electrical conductivity
Growth and productivity response of local pepper plants to compost fertilization, mineral fertilizers and foliar spraying with micronutrients under sandy soil conditions in the Waddan region, Libya
This study was conducted in the Waddan region (Al-Jufra) to evaluate the response of a local pepper cultivar to seven fertilization treatments, which included a balanced mineral fertilizer NPK (20-20-20), an organic fertilizer, and micronutrient foliar application. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences (P \le 0.05) among all studied treatments, where the integrated nutrient management treatment (T7: 100% NPK + Organic Fertilizer + Micronutrients) exhibited a distinct superiority across all growth and yield parameters. Treatment T7 recorded the maximum values for plant height (76.0 cm), stem diameter (18.8 mm), and total chlorophyll content (59.2 mg/g FW). This physiological enhancement reflected positively on the yield components, as the same treatment achieved the highest weight for a 20-fruit sample (435.0 g) and the maximum total crop yield per experimental plot (1235.0 g). Conversely, the control treatment (T1) consistently recorded the lowest values. The study underscores the critical importance of integrating organic fertilizer with mineral and foliar applications, a combination that provided a natural chemical shield that effectively minimized nutrient leaching within the porous sandy soil profile. Consequently, treatment T7 retained the highest concentrations of available soil macronutrients, recording 53.10 mg/kg for N, 23.30 mg/kg for P, and 350. mg/kg for K, as well as available micronutrients with values of 3.77 mg/kg for Mn, 3.65 mg/kg for Fe, and 1.38 mg/kg for Zn. Furthermore, available soil boron exhibited a precise and progressive response, reaching 0.82 mg/kg which physiologically optimized fruit-set success, reduced flower drop, and ensured uniformity in fruit size
Al-Jufra, Capsicum annuum, Integrated Nutrient, Organic fertilizer, Sandy soil
The role of sustainable buildings in promoting energy consumption efficiency
The global community is increasingly prioritizing environmental conservation and sustainable development. Over the past three decades, a growing consensus has emerged that prevailing development models are unsustainable, as consumer-driven lifestyles have precipitated severe environmental crises. Empirical evidence suggests that humanity faces two critical challenges: the imminent depletion of essential natural resources and the escalating pollution caused by significant industrial and urban waste. Consequently, these challenges—compounded by resource scarcity and rising global toxicity—have positioned environmental sustainability, particularly through energy rationalization, at the center of intellectual, policy, and architectural discourse. Contemporary approaches to sustainable architecture emphasize the efficient management of natural resources throughout a building’s entire life cycle, balancing functional, environmental, and aesthetic requirements. This research explores the role of green buildings in mitigating resource consumption and enhancing public health. Specifically, it examines strategies for implementing sustainable building practices that integrate traditional architectural principles with modern technological advancements to achieve energy efficiency.
Green Building, Energy Conservation, Sustainable Development
Determination Of Sodium Benzoate and Ascorbic Acid in Soft Drinks
Objective: To measure the concentration of sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid in soft drink samples, to ensure compliance with permissible limits, and to assess the risk of benzene formation resulting from their reaction. Methodology: Samples were collected from 7 beverages (local and imported). Spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis) and iodine titration were used to measure the two substances. Results were compared with international standards. Results: PH ranged from 2.05 (most acidic: Al Ain) to 3.08 (least acidic: Shani). Ascorbic acid: 6.66–26.66 ppm (higher in Fanta, lower in Mirinda). Sodium benzoate: 16.76–49.98 ppm (higher in Fanta, lower in Al Ain). All concentrations fall within the limits permitted for food additives according to international standards, without representing nutritional fortification with Vitamin C. Most prone to benzene formation: Fanta and Shani. Conclusion: Levels are safe, but improper storage (heat, light) increases the risk of benzene formation. Recommendations: Improved transportation and storage, regular monitoring, and broader studies on benzene formation and its health effects
Ascorbic acid; Sodium benzoate; Benzene formation; Soft drinks; Chemical reaction.
Evaluation of the chemical content and sensory properties of some ready-made potato chips products (Chips) available in the local markets in Brak Al Shati area
Aims: This study was conducted to determination of concentration of some heavy metals in potato chips samples due to essential or toxic nature of this metals and due to increase consumption of potato chips especially by children. Methods: This study was conducted on 8 samples of the most widely consumed ready-made dry potato chips, in addition to the control sample (fried potato slices without any additives) collected from local markets in the Brak Al-Shati area. The concentrations of heavy metals in the most widely consumed ready-to-eat foods are considered to be higher than the permissible levels. 20 chemical elements were detected in potato chip samples: (potassium (K), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), chlorine (Cl), aluminum (Al), phosphorus ( P), nickel(Ni), sulfur(S), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), barium(Br), silver(Ag), titanium( Ti), uranium (U), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and sodium (Na) including the control sample (0), were determined by: X-ray fluorescence analysis, Results: The study recorded presence of this heavy metals in all samples in different concentrations.The percentage of contamination with Cd was high in all samples and exceeded the permissible limit of 0.001 ppm as stated in EPA/US 2015, and a data evaluation was also conducted. Product packaging, sensory evaluation, and compliance with hardness specifications. Conclusion: The results showed that some samples contain these metals in a percentage above the permissible limit, this exposes consumers of these products to the risk of developing serious health problems
potato chips, heavy elements, pollution, ready -made food, product quality
Chemical Characteristics of Hospital Wastewater and Their Association with Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Sabratha, Libya
Hospital wastewater is a major source of environmental contamination due to its complex mixture of chemical pollutants and microbial hazards, including pharmaceutical residues, disinfectants, heavy metals, nutrients, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the chemical characteristics of wastewater from Sabratha Teaching Hospital and examined their association with bacterial antibiotic resistance patterns. Physicochemical analysis revealed high organic pollution, with elevated chemical oxygen demand (COD = 1975 ± 281 mg/L) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅ = 165.5 ± 20.8 mg/L), alongside markedly increased electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, while dissolved oxygen levels were very low (DO = 1.40 ± 0.08 mg/L), indicating hypoxic and highly stressed environmental conditions. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), demonstrated that organic load and salinity were strongly associated with increased antibiotic resistance. Random forest modeling further identified COD, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity (EC) as the most influential predictors of resistance patterns. Correlation analysis showed that higher COD levels were associated with reduced bacterial antibiotic susceptibility, whereas increased dissolved oxygen was positively associated with susceptibility. Comparative analysis between resistant and sensitive bacterial groups revealed mostly non-significant differences, except for a significant association between salinity and Pseudomonas spp. resistance to imipenem. Overall, the findings indicate that hospital wastewater acts as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, where environmental stressors such as organic pollution, salinity, and oxygen depletion play a more critical role in shaping resistance patterns than antibiotics alone. The study highlights the need for improved wastewater treatment strategies, including reduction of organic load, enhancement of oxygenation, and targeted monitoring of resistance indicators to mitigate environmental and public health risks.
Hospital wastewater, antibiotic resistance, organic load, dissolved oxygen, environmental contamination, Libya
Geospatial Modeling and Spatial Autocorrelation of Enteric Bacterial Contamination in Water Networks: A GIS-Based Risk Mapping of Al-Nidaa District, Najaf, Iraq
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are considered an unconventional and effective tool for determining the spatial extent of pollutants and their impact on populated areas. Water quality is one of the most important factors for population stability, given its direct impact on human life and health. In this research, the study area was defined as the Al-Nidaa neighborhood, and the samples were specifically from filtered and tap water. The study area is one of the northern neighborhoods of Najaf Governorate and is a densely populated area. A total of (8) samples were taken for each type of water, for a total of (16) samples taken from different locations in the study, according to some established criteria. Pathogenic E. coli and Mirabilis Proteus bacteria were detected, as the samples were taken from the source at a rate of three replicates per location. Laboratory results obtained in this study revealed high levels of E. coli bacteria in samples taken from the identified sampling sites, as well as very high levels of Mirabilis Proteus botulism bacteria. These bacteria are primarily harmful to human health, as the water in these samples is considered unclean and contaminated with sewage and other sources such as domestic wastewater and fecal matter. Furthermore, spatial distribution maps were created for these samples, showing the areas with high, medium, and low concentrations of these types of bacteria.
Geographic Information System, Water pollution, bacterial contamination, Escherichia coli, Mirabilis Proteus bacterium
Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban River Water: An Experimental Evaluation of Low-Cost Biochar Adsorption for Water Pollution Reduction
Urban rivers often receive untreated wastewater, stormwater, and industrial discharge. These flows can carry lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, copper, and other metals. Heavy metals do not break down like many organic pollutants. They can stay in water, settle in sediment, and move through food chains. This study evaluates low-cost biochar as an adsorbent for reducing heavy metal pollution in urban river water. The paper uses a secondary experimental design. It combines field water-quality data from the Sabarmati River at Ahmedabad with published adsorption experiments. The experiments used banana stem and leaf biochar, coconut husk biochar, rice husk biochar, corn husk biochar, date palm biochar, and urban biowaste biochar. The Sabarmati data showed severe downstream pollution at Site F. Chromium reached 52.84 ug/L in summer and 76.03 ug/L in winter. Cadmium reached 3.66 ug/L in summer. These values exceeded important drinking-water guideline values. Published biochar experiments showed strong removal of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Fe under controlled conditions. Banana stem and leaf biochar removed Pb and Cd with maximum capacities of 302.20 and 32.03 mg/g. Urban biowaste biochars removed some metals above 99%. Coconut husk biochar also removed Cd, Cr, and Pb with high efficiency. The findings show that biochar can support decentralized river-pollution control. Yet site testing is needed before full use.
heavy metals; urban river water; biochar; adsorption; cadmium; lead; chromium; low-cost treatment
Analyzing Long-Term Freshwater Pollution Trends Under Land-Use and Climate Pressure: A Global Water-Quality Assessment Using Real Monitoring Data
Freshwater pollution is increasing in many river, lake, and groundwater systems. The problem is linked with land-use change, wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and climate stress. This paper analyzes long-term freshwater pollution trends using real public monitoring data. The main dataset is SDG Indicator 6.3.2, reported by countries in 2017, 2020, and 2023. The paper also reviews open archives, including GEMStat, GRQA, GLORICH, and HydroWASTE. The analysis compares global, regional, and selected country scores for good ambient water quality. It also evaluates monitoring capacity and climate-related water-quality evidence. The global share of monitored water bodies with good quality changed from 57.0% in 2017 to 56.0% in 2023. River water bodies showed a larger fall, from 53.7% to 49.7%. Groundwater scores stayed higher than river scores, but small changes can still hide local risks. Regional results show uneven change across Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and Latin America. The results also show a large monitoring gap. High-income countries reported far more water bodies than low-income countries. Climate evidence shows that droughts, heatwaves, floods, and long-term warming often worsen river quality. The paper proposes an integrated monitoring framework. It combines routine field data, open databases, land-use control, wastewater treatment, and climate early warning. The study shows that pollution control must be linked with land and climate policy
freshwater pollution, water quality, land use, climate change, GEMStat, long-term monitoring, river pollution
The Role of Soil Pollution in Worsening Water Quality and Environmental Health
Deteriorating water quality and environmental health are significantly influenced by soil degradation. The way that pollutants from soil, including pesticides, heavy metals, and plastic trash, seep into water sources and cause widespread water contamination is examined in this research. Human health is at risk, agricultural output is decreased, and the linked impacts jeopardize aquatic habitats. To lessen the ripple effects on water quality and the general health of the ecosystem, this study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable land management and pollution control methods by looking at case studies and scientific evidence. This study will use a qualitative approach to examine the role of soil pollution in worsening water quality and environmental health. Data will be gathered through scientific literature to provide evidence of the connection between soil and water pollution. Thematic analysis will identify key patterns and recommendations for sustainable land management and pollution control.
Water Quality, Soil, Pollution, Environmental, Health
Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of dried olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) on the germination and growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and associated weeds
This study was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of dried olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf powder on the germination and early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and selected associated weeds. A laboratory experiment was performed using four extract concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%), and their effects on germination percentage, radicle length, and plumule length were assessed. The experiment included two barley cultivars (Wadi Otba and Eraoun) and two weed species, Emex spinosa L. and Avena fatua L., arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results revealed a concentration-dependent allelopathic response. Low extract concentration (10%) stimulated germination and seedling growth of barley cultivars, whereas higher concentrations (20% and 30%) caused significant inhibitory effects on both barley and weed species. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on Emex spinosa, where germination was completely suppressed at the highest concentration. These findings demonstrate that olive leaf aqueous extract possesses potent allelopathic activity and may serve as an environmentally friendly alternative for weed management within sustainable agricultural systems.
Allelopathy, aqueous extract, olive leaves, barley, associated field weeds
Impact of Nutritional Copper Sulfate on The Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Constituents of Leghorn Chicks
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding copper sulphate to a diet high in plant proteins (PP) on broiler chickens' performance. 300 unsexed 1-day-old Leghorn commercial broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treat groups with equal average live body weights (LBW). Each group consisted of 75 chicks separated into 5 replicates of 15 chicks each and housed in similar conditions. Two different basal diets were used: one containing animal protein (AP) for the 1st treat group (T1) and another containing (PP) for the 2nd treat group (T2). The 3rd and 4th treat groups (T3 and T4) received the (PP) diet with the addition of copper sulfate at 150 and 300 ppm/kg, respectively. The study lasted for forty-two days, and all diets were expressed to chance the alimentary supplies of the broilers at each stage of growth based on the strain sequence recommendations. The results of the study visibly showed that adding copper sulfate to the PP diet significantly increased broiler BW and BW gain at 3Wks of age related to those fed the (PP-diet) without copper sulfate or the AP-diet. By the completion of the trial at 6Wks of age, chickens fed the (PP-diet) with 300 ppm/kg of copper sulfate had the highest BW and BWG compared to the further treats. Supplementing broiler (PP-diets) with copper through the developing and final periods and throughout the entire experimental period improved FCR significantly associated to those fed the (PP-diet) without copper supplementation. Both doses of copper sulfate supplementation significantly increased the relation weights of the eviscerated carcass, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and pancreas in the plant protein diet group (P ≤0.01). Relative weights of abdominal fat separated were meaningfully (P ≤0.01) decreased for the broiler fed (PP-diet). T3 and T4 comparing with those fed AP-diet or PP-diet, (T1 and T2). Chemical structure of chick's meat specified that Copper supplementation to plant protein diet (T3 and T4) significantly (P ≤0.01) decreased (EE %) matching with those fed Animal protein diet or Plant protein diet while; the (CP %) had the conflicting trend. Addition of copper sulfate to broiler Plant protein diet significantly (P≤0.01) decline plasma total cholesterol, total lipid concentrations and broiler meat total cholesterol. Supplementation of Cu to Plant protein diet significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased digestibility coefficient values of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract comparing with the digestibility values for the broiler fed Plant protein diet. Incorporation of copper in the broiler Plant protein diet at the highest level (T4, 300 ppm/kg) was superior for maximized the net return, economic efficiency (1.373) and relative economic efficiency (103.32%) comparing with the other treatments. In summary, the study unequivocally showed that adding copper sulphate to broiler plant feeds has a significant impact in enhancing broiler performance, blood lipid profiles, and economic efficiency
Copper, Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Component, Chicks
Thermodynamic Effects of Subcooling and Superheat on a Cascade Cooling System
This research presents laboratory results for a cascade refrigeration system CRS to determine the effects of superheating at 4°C on the system's performance rate. The results confirmation curves for the cooling room temperature, suction line pressure, expansion valve opening percentage, and superheat in the low-pressure cycle LPC, and suction line pressure in the high-pressure cycle HPC. The results of valve opening percentage and superheat in LPC when using R32, and the mixture of 90% R32 and 10% R600A by mass, were compared. Also this research proves that the amount of superheat has a significant impact on energy savings and resource sustainability. To avoid energy waste by refrigeration equipment, this research proves the great importance of knowing the optimal value of the superheat in the suction line to maintain the most important element in the refrigeration cycle, which is the compressor, as the entry of the refrigerant liquid into it is avoided for all stages of refrigeration, gradually to reach the required temperature. In the first experiment, the R407c curve decreases from a value of 3.07 bar to 2.83 bar. As for the second experiment in HPC, the suction line pressure shows the highest pressure in the curve for R407c when using the mixture at a value of 3.18 bar. The results confirm that superheat has a direct relationship to reducing the operating cost of CRS and reaching the required temperature in the cooling room in the shortest possible time, by controlling the percentage of opening of the electric valve. Therefore, we recommend focusing on more extensive research regarding the relationship between controlling the valve opening ratio and superheat before the refrigerant enters the compressor
cascade cooling, heat pump, superheat, Subcooling, compressor protection
Synergistic Mitigation of Mutual Coupling in Millimeter-Wave MIMO Arrays: A Hybrid DGS and EBG Paradigm for 5G Systems
This paper presents the design and simulation of a 28 GHz MIMO microstrip antenna for 5G millimeter-wave communication. Beginning with design is extended to 1×2 configurations to enhance gain, directivity, return loss, and isolation. Defected Ground Structures (DGS) and Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures were employed to reduce mutual coupling. Simulations in ANSYS HFSS demonstrate that DGS improves isolation and enhances gain and directivity, while the inclusion of EBG provides further coupling suppression with a slight reduction in gain due to energy losses. These results indicate that combining DGS and EBG is an effective approach for compact 5G MIMO antennas, balancing isolation and radiation efficiency for high-speed wireless systems
MIMO Antennas, 5G, Millet Waves, Microstrip Antennas, Cross-coupling
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Burn Units of Iraq: Resistance Trends, Biofilm Quantification Using Microtiter OD, Predictor of Clinical Outcomes
This study aimed to evaluate resistance patterns, longitudinal trends, biofilm production, and clinical determinants of mortality for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burn units. A multicenter longitudinal observational study included burn patients in whom Pseudomonas aeruginosa was first isolated in a non-recurring setting. The study included 360 burn patients. The majority of the cohort was male (63.1%) with a mean age of 31 years (interquartile range 20–44 years) and a mean burned body surface area of ​​27% (interquartile range 18–41 years). The highest resistance rates were recorded for the following antibiotic classes: ciprofloxacin (61.9%), levofloxacin (59.4%), and aztreonam (57.5%). Resistance rates for carbapenems were 40.3%, for imipenem 43.3%, and for meropenem 43.3%. Bacteria producing biofilms in high density constituted 22.5% of the total bacteria, with a high proportion of multidrug-resistant bacteria (77.8%) and a high proportion of non-drug-resistant bacteria (21.0%) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In-hospital mortality was 13.6%, with a higher incidence in DTR (28.6 vs 11.8; p = 0.002), a lower incidence in DTR (strong biofilm 19.8 vs 11.7; p = 0.041), and a lower incidence in experimentally ineffective biofilm (25.9 vs 8.9; p < 0.001). Bacteremia was also present (50.0 vs 9.6; p < 0.001). The model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.83). Strong biofilm formation was strongly associated with multidrug resistance/direct immune response and was an independent predictor of mortality. Improving experimental treatment in accordance with more recent unit-specific protocols, antibiotic data, strengthening infection prevention policies, and integrating them with supervisory recommendations are important to reduce harmful procurement.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; burns, multidrug resistance, difficult to treat non-responsive, biofilms, carbapenem resistance, mortality, longitudinal trends
Advances in Structural Design and High-Temperature Resistance and Broadband EMW Radar Absorbers Based on CMM Material
Ceramic metamaterial (CMM) based metamaterials, which are artificial materials designed to have unique electromagnetic or thermal properties. These CMMs are often explored for their advantages like low dielectric loss, high-temperature resistance, and tenable performance, making them promising for applications in areas such as millimetre-wave devices, high-temperature sensors, and absorbers. Usually have the characteristics of lightweight, high specific stiffness and strength, controllable Poisson’s ratio designable anisotropy, etc. They can meet the requirements of multiple functions while meeting the load-bearing performance. They can be used as structural support materials, energy absorption materials, noise reduction materials, thermal conductivity materials, and biological materials, and have broad application prospects in aviation, navigation, medicine, and etc. Currently, the performance of common radar absorbers deteriorates dramatically at elevated temperatures, which limits their application in high-temperature environments. for broadband microwave absorption. In the CMM, which exhibits excellent electromagnetic (EM) wave polarization stability properties. This work may assist in the design and manufacture of a new generation of radars, ships, and aircraft will be evaluated using (HFSS) software (Vs. 15).
ceramics; EMW; absorbing; metamaterial; 3D printing; high temperature resistance and HFSS.
Studying The Effect Of Adding Biochar On Some Physical And Chemical Properties Of Sandy Soil
Sandy soils are abundant and widely used for agricultural practices; however, they are infertile and lack soil structure. Thus, sandy soils cannot retain nutrients and water. For the present research, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of biochar on physical dan chemical properties of sandy soil. Dua, empat, dan enam persen lahan ditambah dengan biochar dalam kondisi kontrol. Physical properties include bulk density, porosity, dan water retention, while chemical properties include pH, organic carbon, dan nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The result of the experiment revealed that the application of biochar significantly decreased bulk density tanah, while at the same time increasing porosity and water retention. Moreover, biochar application resulted in improved soil chemical properties including increased soil pH value towards neutralization, soil organic carbon, and soil nutrients content. The observed effects were dose-dependent since the improvements increased with the rate of biochar application. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the differences between various rates of biochar application were significant. It is clear that incorporating biochar into sandy soil could be an ideal soil amendment.
Biochar, Sandy soil, Soil physical properties, Soil chemical properties, Soil fertility.
Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is a major legume crop cultivated widely in temperate and Mediterranean regions and plays an important role in human nutrition and sustainable agriculture due to its high protein content and nitrogen fixation ability. However, the growth and reproductive development of this crop are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that the optimal temperature range for growth and flowering of faba bean generally lies between 15 °C and 27 °C, while temperatures above this range can negatively affect flower formation, pollen viability, and pod set. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperature regimes on the growth and development of broad bean plants under controlled conditions. Local seeds of Vicia faba were surface sterilized using diluted sodium hypochlorite solution and planted in clay soil under three temperature ranges: 15–20 °C, 21–27 °C, and 28–35 °C. Plant growth parameters were recorded every ten days, including stem length, number of leaves, number of flowers, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. The preliminary results indicated that moderate temperatures (21–27 °C) significantly enhanced vegetative growth and physiological performance compared with low and high temperature treatments. Plants grown within this range exhibited greater stem elongation, higher leaf number, larger leaf area, and higher chlorophyll content. In contrast, high temperature conditions (28–35 °C) reduced flower formation and chlorophyll concentration, indicating heat stress effects on plant physiology. These findings confirm that moderate thermal conditions are essential for optimal growth and reproductive development of Vicia faba. Understanding the temperature responses of broad bean plants is important for improving crop management strategies and adapting legume production to changing climatic conditions
Temperature stress, Vicia faba, plant growth, chlorophyll content, flowering, legumes.
Plastic Waste Management in the Cities of Tripoli and Bani Walid: A Comparative Study of Waste Reduction and Recycling Policies and Their Impact on the Environment and Public Health
This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the plastic waste management system in the cities of Tripoli and Bani Walid, and to assess the impact of the disposal policies implemented on environmental sustainability and public health. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, using questionnaires, interviews, and field observation as data collection tools from a structured sample of 200 individuals, 100 from each city The data were then statistically analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, and variance tests. The study's findings revealed that Tripoli possesses a relatively better organizational structure and logistical capabilities, along with greater opportunities for sorting operations. However, the system's efficiency remains constrained by high population density and increasing daily birth rates. Conversely, the results showed that Bani Walid suffers from severe logistical weaknesses and a lack of collection points, leading to an exacerbation of open dumping and burning, and increased environmental pollution in areas adjacent to residential communities. The study also demonstrated a direct correlation between poor management efficiency and escalating health risks, particularly respiratory and skin diseases resulting from unsafe disposal. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably: the necessity of activating source separation mechanisms, strengthening partnerships with the private sector to develop infrastructure for recycling projects, and imposing strict legal controls to curb indiscriminate burning. It also recommended intensifying environmental awareness campaigns and training personnel working in the public services sector to ensure the transition towards an integrated and sustainable plastic waste management model.
Waste management, plastics, Tripoli, Bani Walid, recycling, environmental impact.
EVALUATION OF ANIMAL MODELS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF MILK PRODUCTION IN GABALY BALADI BLACK RABBITS USING THE DF-REML PROCEDURE
Number of litters collected from Gabaly (G) and Baladi Black (BB) rabbits respectively, and used to evaluate weekly milk yield (MY) and litter weight gain (LG) from kindling up to the end of 4th wk (28 days) of age, were 131 and 155 records for the evaluation of (MY) while 128 and 155 litters were used for the evaluation of litter gain (LG),. Flocks of the two breeds were raised at the Experimental Rabbitry, Animal Production Research Institute, Borg El-Arab Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML) Animal Model was used for the estimation of variance components and heritability. G rabbits recorded relative superiority in performance over that of BB ones for the milk yield traits. Year-season combination exerted significant effect on litter gain in G rabbits. The performance of rabbit does for the traits studied increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.0001) in winter and autumn seasons compared to spring seasons irrespective of the year of production. Heritability estimates were low and ranged from 0.001 to 0.03 for MY and from 0.001 to 0.02 for LG in G, while varied from 0.001 to 0.07 for MY and from 0.001 to 0.03 for LG in BB rabbits.