Libyan Open University Journal of Applied Sciences (LOUJAS)
The Libyan Open University Journal of Applied Sciences (LOUJAS) (eISSN: 3106-0919) is a distinguished, peer-reviewed scientific journal proudly published by the Libyan Open University. With a commitment to fostering scientific discourse and knowledge dissemination, LOUJAS releases new issues twice a year, ensuring a consistent platform for researchers. Scope and Disciplines LOUJAS is dedicated to covering a wide array of disciplines within the applied sciences. This broad scope allows the journal to publish cutting-edge research from various fields, including but not limited to: Engineering and Technology Environmental Sciences Computer Science and Information Technology Agricultural Sciences Material Science Biotechnology Applied Physics Applied Chemistry Mathematics and Statistics (with applied focus) The journal welcomes original research articles, review papers, and short communications that contribute significantly to their respective fields and have practical applications. Mission and Vision LOUJAS aims to be a leading journal in the region, providing a robust platform for scholarly exchange and the publication of high-quality, impactful research. Its mission is to: Promote scientific research in applied sciences. Facilitate the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations. Support the academic community by offering a rigorous peer-review process. Contribute to the advancement of science and technology, both locally and globally. Connect with LOUJAS You can explore the journal's published articles and learn more about their submission guidelines by visiting their official website: Website: https://oujournals.ly/index.php/LOUJAS For any inquiries, submissions, or general communication, the LOUJAS team can be reached through the following channels: Email: loujas.editor@ou.edu.ly WhatsApp: 00218913426255 LOUJAS stands as a testament to the Libyan Open University's dedication to academic excellence and its role in advancing scientific understanding in the applied sciences.
The Role of Soil Pollution in Worsening Water Quality and Environmental Health
Deteriorating water quality and environmental health are significantly influenced by soil degradation. The way that pollutants from soil, including pesticides, heavy metals, and plastic trash, seep into water sources and cause widespread water contamination is examined in this research. Human health is at risk, agricultural output is decreased, and the linked impacts jeopardize aquatic habitats. To lessen the ripple effects on water quality and the general health of the ecosystem, this study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable land management and pollution control methods by looking at case studies and scientific evidence. This study will use a qualitative approach to examine the role of soil pollution in worsening water quality and environmental health. Data will be gathered through scientific literature to provide evidence of the connection between soil and water pollution. Thematic analysis will identify key patterns and recommendations for sustainable land management and pollution control.
Water Quality, Soil, Pollution, Environmental, Health
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of dried olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) on the germination and growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and associated weeds
This study was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of dried olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf powder on the germination and early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and selected associated weeds. A laboratory experiment was performed using four extract concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%), and their effects on germination percentage, radicle length, and plumule length were assessed. The experiment included two barley cultivars (Wadi Otba and Eraoun) and two weed species, Emex spinosa L. and Avena fatua L., arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results revealed a concentration-dependent allelopathic response. Low extract concentration (10%) stimulated germination and seedling growth of barley cultivars, whereas higher concentrations (20% and 30%) caused significant inhibitory effects on both barley and weed species. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on Emex spinosa, where germination was completely suppressed at the highest concentration. These findings demonstrate that olive leaf aqueous extract possesses potent allelopathic activity and may serve as an environmentally friendly alternative for weed management within sustainable agricultural systems.
Allelopathy, aqueous extract, olive leaves, barley, associated field weeds
Impact of Nutritional Copper Sulfate on The Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Constituents of Leghorn Chicks
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding copper sulphate to a diet high in plant proteins (PP) on broiler chickens' performance. 300 unsexed 1-day-old Leghorn commercial broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treat groups with equal average live body weights (LBW). Each group consisted of 75 chicks separated into 5 replicates of 15 chicks each and housed in similar conditions. Two different basal diets were used: one containing animal protein (AP) for the 1st treat group (T1) and another containing (PP) for the 2nd treat group (T2). The 3rd and 4th treat groups (T3 and T4) received the (PP) diet with the addition of copper sulfate at 150 and 300 ppm/kg, respectively. The study lasted for forty-two days, and all diets were expressed to chance the alimentary supplies of the broilers at each stage of growth based on the strain sequence recommendations. The results of the study visibly showed that adding copper sulfate to the PP diet significantly increased broiler BW and BW gain at 3Wks of age related to those fed the (PP-diet) without copper sulfate or the AP-diet. By the completion of the trial at 6Wks of age, chickens fed the (PP-diet) with 300 ppm/kg of copper sulfate had the highest BW and BWG compared to the further treats. Supplementing broiler (PP-diets) with copper through the developing and final periods and throughout the entire experimental period improved FCR significantly associated to those fed the (PP-diet) without copper supplementation. Both doses of copper sulfate supplementation significantly increased the relation weights of the eviscerated carcass, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and pancreas in the plant protein diet group (P ≤0.01). Relative weights of abdominal fat separated were meaningfully (P ≤0.01) decreased for the broiler fed (PP-diet). T3 and T4 comparing with those fed AP-diet or PP-diet, (T1 and T2). Chemical structure of chick's meat specified that Copper supplementation to plant protein diet (T3 and T4) significantly (P ≤0.01) decreased (EE %) matching with those fed Animal protein diet or Plant protein diet while; the (CP %) had the conflicting trend. Addition of copper sulfate to broiler Plant protein diet significantly (P≤0.01) decline plasma total cholesterol, total lipid concentrations and broiler meat total cholesterol. Supplementation of Cu to Plant protein diet significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased digestibility coefficient values of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract comparing with the digestibility values for the broiler fed Plant protein diet. Incorporation of copper in the broiler Plant protein diet at the highest level (T4, 300 ppm/kg) was superior for maximized the net return, economic efficiency (1.373) and relative economic efficiency (103.32%) comparing with the other treatments. In summary, the study unequivocally showed that adding copper sulphate to broiler plant feeds has a significant impact in enhancing broiler performance, blood lipid profiles, and economic efficiency
Copper, Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Component, Chicks
Thermodynamic Effects of Subcooling and Superheat on a Cascade Cooling System
This research presents laboratory results for a cascade refrigeration system CRS to determine the effects of superheating at 4°C on the system's performance rate. The results confirmation curves for the cooling room temperature, suction line pressure, expansion valve opening percentage, and superheat in the low-pressure cycle LPC, and suction line pressure in the high-pressure cycle HPC. The results of valve opening percentage and superheat in LPC when using R32, and the mixture of 90% R32 and 10% R600A by mass, were compared. Also this research proves that the amount of superheat has a significant impact on energy savings and resource sustainability. To avoid energy waste by refrigeration equipment, this research proves the great importance of knowing the optimal value of the superheat in the suction line to maintain the most important element in the refrigeration cycle, which is the compressor, as the entry of the refrigerant liquid into it is avoided for all stages of refrigeration, gradually to reach the required temperature. In the first experiment, the R407c curve decreases from a value of 3.07 bar to 2.83 bar. As for the second experiment in HPC, the suction line pressure shows the highest pressure in the curve for R407c when using the mixture at a value of 3.18 bar. The results confirm that superheat has a direct relationship to reducing the operating cost of CRS and reaching the required temperature in the cooling room in the shortest possible time, by controlling the percentage of opening of the electric valve. Therefore, we recommend focusing on more extensive research regarding the relationship between controlling the valve opening ratio and superheat before the refrigerant enters the compressor
cascade cooling, heat pump, superheat, Subcooling, compressor protection
Synergistic Mitigation of Mutual Coupling in Millimeter-Wave MIMO Arrays: A Hybrid DGS and EBG Paradigm for 5G Systems
This paper presents the design and simulation of a 28 GHz MIMO microstrip antenna for 5G millimeter-wave communication. Beginning with design is extended to 1×2 configurations to enhance gain, directivity, return loss, and isolation. Defected Ground Structures (DGS) and Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures were employed to reduce mutual coupling. Simulations in ANSYS HFSS demonstrate that DGS improves isolation and enhances gain and directivity, while the inclusion of EBG provides further coupling suppression with a slight reduction in gain due to energy losses. These results indicate that combining DGS and EBG is an effective approach for compact 5G MIMO antennas, balancing isolation and radiation efficiency for high-speed wireless systems
MIMO Antennas, 5G, Millet Waves, Microstrip Antennas, Cross-coupling
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Burn Units of Iraq: Resistance Trends, Biofilm Quantification Using Microtiter OD, Predictor of Clinical Outcomes
This study aimed to evaluate resistance patterns, longitudinal trends, biofilm production, and clinical determinants of mortality for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from burn units. A multicenter longitudinal observational study included burn patients in whom Pseudomonas aeruginosa was first isolated in a non-recurring setting. The study included 360 burn patients. The majority of the cohort was male (63.1%) with a mean age of 31 years (interquartile range 20–44 years) and a mean burned body surface area of ​​27% (interquartile range 18–41 years). The highest resistance rates were recorded for the following antibiotic classes: ciprofloxacin (61.9%), levofloxacin (59.4%), and aztreonam (57.5%). Resistance rates for carbapenems were 40.3%, for imipenem 43.3%, and for meropenem 43.3%. Bacteria producing biofilms in high density constituted 22.5% of the total bacteria, with a high proportion of multidrug-resistant bacteria (77.8%) and a high proportion of non-drug-resistant bacteria (21.0%) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). In-hospital mortality was 13.6%, with a higher incidence in DTR (28.6 vs 11.8; p = 0.002), a lower incidence in DTR (strong biofilm 19.8 vs 11.7; p = 0.041), and a lower incidence in experimentally ineffective biofilm (25.9 vs 8.9; p < 0.001). Bacteremia was also present (50.0 vs 9.6; p < 0.001). The model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.83). Strong biofilm formation was strongly associated with multidrug resistance/direct immune response and was an independent predictor of mortality. Improving experimental treatment in accordance with more recent unit-specific protocols, antibiotic data, strengthening infection prevention policies, and integrating them with supervisory recommendations are important to reduce harmful procurement.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa; burns, multidrug resistance, difficult to treat non-responsive, biofilms, carbapenem resistance, mortality, longitudinal trends
Advances in Structural Design and High-Temperature Resistance and Broadband EMW Radar Absorbers Based on CMM Material
Ceramic metamaterial (CMM) based metamaterials, which are artificial materials designed to have unique electromagnetic or thermal properties. These CMMs are often explored for their advantages like low dielectric loss, high-temperature resistance, and tenable performance, making them promising for applications in areas such as millimetre-wave devices, high-temperature sensors, and absorbers. Usually have the characteristics of lightweight, high specific stiffness and strength, controllable Poisson’s ratio designable anisotropy, etc. They can meet the requirements of multiple functions while meeting the load-bearing performance. They can be used as structural support materials, energy absorption materials, noise reduction materials, thermal conductivity materials, and biological materials, and have broad application prospects in aviation, navigation, medicine, and etc. Currently, the performance of common radar absorbers deteriorates dramatically at elevated temperatures, which limits their application in high-temperature environments. for broadband microwave absorption. In the CMM, which exhibits excellent electromagnetic (EM) wave polarization stability properties. This work may assist in the design and manufacture of a new generation of radars, ships, and aircraft will be evaluated using (HFSS) software (Vs. 15).
ceramics; EMW; absorbing; metamaterial; 3D printing; high temperature resistance and HFSS.
Studying The Effect Of Adding Biochar On Some Physical And Chemical Properties Of Sandy Soil
Sandy soils are abundant and widely used for agricultural practices; however, they are infertile and lack soil structure. Thus, sandy soils cannot retain nutrients and water. For the present research, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of biochar on physical dan chemical properties of sandy soil. Dua, empat, dan enam persen lahan ditambah dengan biochar dalam kondisi kontrol. Physical properties include bulk density, porosity, dan water retention, while chemical properties include pH, organic carbon, dan nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The result of the experiment revealed that the application of biochar significantly decreased bulk density tanah, while at the same time increasing porosity and water retention. Moreover, biochar application resulted in improved soil chemical properties including increased soil pH value towards neutralization, soil organic carbon, and soil nutrients content. The observed effects were dose-dependent since the improvements increased with the rate of biochar application. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the differences between various rates of biochar application were significant. It is clear that incorporating biochar into sandy soil could be an ideal soil amendment.
Biochar, Sandy soil, Soil physical properties, Soil chemical properties, Soil fertility.
Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Development of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is a major legume crop cultivated widely in temperate and Mediterranean regions and plays an important role in human nutrition and sustainable agriculture due to its high protein content and nitrogen fixation ability. However, the growth and reproductive development of this crop are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that the optimal temperature range for growth and flowering of faba bean generally lies between 15 °C and 27 °C, while temperatures above this range can negatively affect flower formation, pollen viability, and pod set. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperature regimes on the growth and development of broad bean plants under controlled conditions. Local seeds of Vicia faba were surface sterilized using diluted sodium hypochlorite solution and planted in clay soil under three temperature ranges: 15–20 °C, 21–27 °C, and 28–35 °C. Plant growth parameters were recorded every ten days, including stem length, number of leaves, number of flowers, leaf area, and chlorophyll content. The preliminary results indicated that moderate temperatures (21–27 °C) significantly enhanced vegetative growth and physiological performance compared with low and high temperature treatments. Plants grown within this range exhibited greater stem elongation, higher leaf number, larger leaf area, and higher chlorophyll content. In contrast, high temperature conditions (28–35 °C) reduced flower formation and chlorophyll concentration, indicating heat stress effects on plant physiology. These findings confirm that moderate thermal conditions are essential for optimal growth and reproductive development of Vicia faba. Understanding the temperature responses of broad bean plants is important for improving crop management strategies and adapting legume production to changing climatic conditions
Temperature stress, Vicia faba, plant growth, chlorophyll content, flowering, legumes.
Plastic Waste Management in the Cities of Tripoli and Bani Walid: A Comparative Study of Waste Reduction and Recycling Policies and Their Impact on the Environment and Public Health
This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the plastic waste management system in the cities of Tripoli and Bani Walid, and to assess the impact of the disposal policies implemented on environmental sustainability and public health. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, using questionnaires, interviews, and field observation as data collection tools from a structured sample of 200 individuals, 100 from each city The data were then statistically analyzed using percentages, arithmetic means, and variance tests. The study's findings revealed that Tripoli possesses a relatively better organizational structure and logistical capabilities, along with greater opportunities for sorting operations. However, the system's efficiency remains constrained by high population density and increasing daily birth rates. Conversely, the results showed that Bani Walid suffers from severe logistical weaknesses and a lack of collection points, leading to an exacerbation of open dumping and burning, and increased environmental pollution in areas adjacent to residential communities. The study also demonstrated a direct correlation between poor management efficiency and escalating health risks, particularly respiratory and skin diseases resulting from unsafe disposal. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably: the necessity of activating source separation mechanisms, strengthening partnerships with the private sector to develop infrastructure for recycling projects, and imposing strict legal controls to curb indiscriminate burning. It also recommended intensifying environmental awareness campaigns and training personnel working in the public services sector to ensure the transition towards an integrated and sustainable plastic waste management model.
Waste management, plastics, Tripoli, Bani Walid, recycling, environmental impact.
EVALUATION OF ANIMAL MODELS AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF MILK PRODUCTION IN GABALY BALADI BLACK RABBITS USING THE DF-REML PROCEDURE
Number of litters collected from Gabaly (G) and Baladi Black (BB) rabbits respectively, and used to evaluate weekly milk yield (MY) and litter weight gain (LG) from kindling up to the end of 4th wk (28 days) of age, were 131 and 155 records for the evaluation of (MY) while 128 and 155 litters were used for the evaluation of litter gain (LG),. Flocks of the two breeds were raised at the Experimental Rabbitry, Animal Production Research Institute, Borg El-Arab Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML) Animal Model was used for the estimation of variance components and heritability. G rabbits recorded relative superiority in performance over that of BB ones for the milk yield traits. Year-season combination exerted significant effect on litter gain in G rabbits. The performance of rabbit does for the traits studied increased significantly (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.0001) in winter and autumn seasons compared to spring seasons irrespective of the year of production. Heritability estimates were low and ranged from 0.001 to 0.03 for MY and from 0.001 to 0.02 for LG in G, while varied from 0.001 to 0.07 for MY and from 0.001 to 0.03 for LG in BB rabbits.
Hierarchical Analysis of Vertical and Horizontal Variability in Alluvial Soil Properties within the Wadi Souf Al-Jin Plain between Southern Tawergha and Qararat Al-Qataf, Libya
This study aimed to analyze the hierarchical structure of vertical and horizontal variability in alluvial soil properties within the Wadi Souf Al-Jin floodplain, located between southern Tawergha and Qararat Al-Qataf, Libya, using linear mixed-effects modeling. The analysis was based on 162 soil prnjofiles comprising 505 genetic horizons. The investigated properties included soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and particle size fractions. Descriptive statistics revealed that EC exhibited the highest coefficient of variation (156.93%) with strong positive skewness, whereas pH showed minimal relative variability (3.87%). Mixed-effects modeling indicated strong horizontal dominance for EC (ICC = 0.672), with 67.2% of total variance attributed to between-profile differences, while CaCO3 showed vertical dominance (ICC = 0.139). Marginal and conditional R² values highlighted the importance of incorporating spatial hierarchy in explaining soil variability, particularly for salinity-related properties. The findings demonstrate a multi-scale hierarchical variability pattern consistent with depositional heterogeneity in arid floodplain environments and emphasize the need for spatially differentiated land management strategies in arid agricultural planning
Spatial variability, Mixed-effects modeling, Alluvial soils, Salinity
CONTROL OF QUADCOPTER ALTITUDE USING PID CONTROLLER
A quadcopter is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of vertical take-off and landing. This study develops a nonlinear mathematical model describing the quadcopter’s system dynamics and implements a PID controller for altitude regulation, assuming roll, pitch, and yaw remain stable. The model is derived using Newton’s and Euler’s equations in the appropriate coordinate frame and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink. Simulation results demonstrate that the drone reaches the desired altitude with minimal overshoot, while vertical velocity and acceleration converge to zero at steady state, indicating stable hovering. Moreover, the controller effectively tracks time-varying reference altitudes, showing accurate and robust performance. These results confirm that the proposed PID control strategy achieves reliable and precise altitude regulation for quadcopter applications
Altitude, Quadcopter, PID Controller, Step Response, Reference Tracking
The Cognitive Structure of Academic Achievements in Mathematics at the Secondary Level(A Field Study within the Framework of Educational Analysis and the Crisis of the Foundations of Contemporary Mathematics and Logic)
This study investigates the cognitive structure underlying mathematics achievement at the secondary level through a comprehensive approach that integrates educational field analysis with a philosophical framework rooted in the crisis of the foundations of mathematics and contemporary logic. The study employed a descriptive analytical method and was conducted on a sample of 240 students and 60 teachers from six secondary schools across different educational districts in the great region of Yefren. Findings indicate that psychological factors - particularly mathematics anxiety - represent the most influential dimension affecting achievement, followed by curricular overload and weak conceptual coherence. The results also reveal that the absence of logical-structural presentation of mathematical concepts contributes to procedural learning without deep inferential understanding. The study recommends restructuring mathematics instruction in light of logical foundations and reinforcing inferential thinking skills to improve academic performance
Mathematics achievement, Logical reasoning, Foundations of mathematics, Mathematics anxiety, Secondary education
Functional Classification of Artificial Intelligence Applications within Learning Management Systems: An Analytical Study of Concepts and Applications
This paper presents a conceptual and classificatory analytical study aimed at constructing a functional taxonomy of artificial intelligence applications within Learning Management Systems (LMS) during the period 2020–2025. The study responds to the problem of conceptual confusion and terminological overlap between artificial intelligence, learning analytics, rule-based automation, and personalization. The paper adopts a structured review of evidence and codes “functional features” as the unit of observation into defined categories according to operational definitions and attribution rules based on the “traceable end output” within the LMS environment. This approach produces a single classification table comprising five functional categories: prediction, recommendation, automated assessment, conversational support, and administrative decision support. Each category is linked to expected data inputs and observable outputs, along with explicit rules for managing overlap when more than one function appears within a single feature. The paper concludes that regulating attribution through traceable outputs reduces terminological ambiguity and improves the comparability and descriptive evaluation of artificial intelligence functions within LMS environments, without making causal claims regarding educational impact.
AI in Education, LMS, Functional Taxonomy, Learning Analytics, Educational Automation.
Numerical Study of Triple Pipe Heat Exchanger Using Copper, Steel, and Aluminium of Varying Thicknesses
This study investigates the thermal performance of a triple-pipe heat exchanger constructed with copper, steel, and aluminum pipes of varying wall thicknesses. The analysis focuses on the influence of material properties and thickness on heat transfer efficiency, pressure drop, and overall exchanger effectiveness. Results indicate that copper, owing to its superior thermal conductivity, achieves the highest heat transfer rates. Aluminum provides a favorable compromise between conductivity and structural weight, while steel contributes mechanical strength but exhibits comparatively lower thermal performance. Variations in wall thickness further impact conduction resistance and fluid flow characteristics, underscoring the importance of optimising both material selection and geometric design to enhance exchanger efficiency.
heat exchanger; triple-pipe heat exchanger Efficiency, Optimization, Strategies
"Evaluating the Impact of PCA-Based Dimensionality Reduction on Bitcoin Transaction Forecasting: A Comparative Study of XGBoost, LSTM, and GNN"
Accurate forecasting of Bitcoin dynamics is essential for digital asset management. While existing literature primarily focuses on market price prediction using ensemble and deep learning, this study extends the frontier by analyzing high-dimensional on-chain transaction data. We present a comparative evaluation of XGBoost, LSTM, and Graph Neural Networks (GNN), specifically investigating the impact of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on model stability. Our findings reveal a 'PCA Paradox': while dimensionality reduction enhances the performance of GNN and LSTM by filtering noise, it marginally reduces the precision of XGBoost. Results show that XGBoost achieves the highest numerical accuracy (RMSE: 0.018), whereas GNN and LSTM provide superior trend stability. This research provides critical insights into feature engineering for blockchain-based financial systems
Bitcoin, Blockchain Transactions, XGBoost, LSTM, Graph Neural Networks (GNN).
Study of Physicochemical Properties and Mineral of Seeds from two date palm cultivars grown in Libya
In the present study, the seeds of two date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in the North (Al-Brince) and the South (Al-Allig) of Libyan were analysed and compared for their chemical, physical properties and macroelements. The following values (Based on dry matter) were obtained for Al- Brince and Allig cultivars, respectively: The seeds constitute about 14.73- 11.16% seed/date fruit weight, the length from 2.4-2.5cm, and the diameter from1.2-1.3cm.The chemical properties of present research consists of moisture 4%, ash1.90% for both samples, protein1.98 -1.10%, total sugar 0.35- 8.27g/100g,crud fiber 52.20 - 34g/100g of date seeds powder (DSP) on dry weight basis (DW). Whereas the mineral analysis of seeds showed higher concentration of K(205.36 – 217.57mg /100 g) followed by P(113.1- 114.1mg/100g), Ba (47.55 – 51.34mg/100g), Na (34.93 – 22.30 mg/100g), Ca (5.89- 1.68 mg/100g), for (Al-Brince) and (Allig) seeds, respectively
Date seeds, Date seeds powder, Physicochemical properties, Macroelements
Integration Between Applied Mathematics and Information Technology
This study aimed to develop an integrative framework that systematically links applied mathematics and information technology in the context of natural resources data analysis. The research was motivated by the observation that many contemporary applications address mathematical and technological aspects separately, leading to partial and less efficient analytical outcomes. A comprehensive approach combining theoretical analysis and practical application was adopted. The study highlighted linear algebra, numerical analysis, and optimization models as fundamental mathematical foundations for analytical modeling. The proposed framework was examined through a multiple linear regression model analyzing the relationship between selected environmental variables and a water quality index.The mathematical model was transformed into an executable algorithm within a numerical analysis environment, and its performance was evaluated using quantitative indicators, including the coefficient of determination, mean squared error, and residual analysis. The results demonstrated strong explanatory power and computational stability, confirming that methodological integration between mathematical formulation and algorithmic implementation enhances modeling efficiency and supports evidence-based decision-making in natural resource applications
Applied Mathematics, Information Technology, Mathematical Modeling, Data Analysis, Natural Resources
Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Hypericum decaisneanum Coss. Aerial Parts Endemic to Bani Waleed, Libya
The escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has necessitated the exploration of novel bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy and preliminary phytochemical profile of Hypericum decaisneanum Coss., a species endemic to the Bani Waleed region of Libya. Aerial parts of the plant were collected during the flowering season in May 2023. These materials were shade-dried and successively extracted using three solvents of varying polarity: methanol, ethanol, and distilled water via a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against a diverse panel of microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and the fungal strain Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion assay. Quantitative assessments were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) through the broth microdilution method. Results indicated that the methanolic extract exhibited the most potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It demonstrated significant inhibition zones against all tested strains, particularly against S. aureus (21.3 ± 0.6 mm) and C. albicans (19.5 ± 0.7 mm). The MIC values for the methanolic extract ranged from 0.312 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL, with the lowest MIC observed against S. aureus. The MBC/MFC values were generally equal to or twice the MIC values, suggesting a primarily cidal mode of action. In contrast, the ethanolic extract showed moderate activity, while the aqueous extract was largely ineffective. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract revealed a rich presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Quantitative analysis confirmed high levels of total phenolic content (185.4 ± 5.2 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (112.6 ± 4.1 mg QE/g). These findings validate the potential of H. decaisneanum as a source of natural antimicrobial agents and warrant further bioassay-guided fractionation to isolate specific active principles
Hypericum decaisneanum, antimicrobial activity, medicinal plants, Libya, MIC, MBC, phytochemicals
A study of soil salinity in Wadi Al-Qubeiba and its impact on agricultural activity in the city of Sirte
The study was conducted in the Wadi Al-Qubeiba area, west of the city of Sirte, with the aim of classifying the area's soils according to the American classification of salt-affected lands, The study examined soil salinity and its impact on agricultural activity in the region. The results showed a variation in the region's soils, ranging from non-saline to saline depending on their salt content. Salt concentration values fell within a range of slightly saline soils, which were found in (15) locations in the region, while the remaining locations were classified as saline soils, The results also showed a variation in soil pH values, ranging from (6.9-8.6). From these values, it is clear that the soils in this region are distributed in the range from neutral to alkaline soils, As for the values of the calcium element in the soil of the study area, most of the values were within the normal range, with a noticeable increase in the calcium value in some locations. The results showed that the values of the magnesium element in the soil of the study area were within the normal range, with a noticeable increase in some locations, The sodium values for the soils of the study area were within the normal range, with some locations noting their elevation. The values of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) fell within the normal range for most locations in the area, and the values of the exchangeable sodium ratio (ESP%) fell within the normal range in all locations of the study area.
Land assessment, soil salinity, saline soils, sodic soils, suitability of saline soils for agriculture
Effect of Supplementing Drinking Water with Different Levels of (Artemisia annua L.) Extract on Hematological and Biochemical Blood Parameters in Broiler Chickens
This study was conducted in a poultry facility located in Sirte, Libya, to evaluate the effects of supplementing drinking water with different levels of Artemisia annua extract on selected hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 108 birds aged 14 days, with an average initial body weight of 530 g, were randomly allocated into three treatment groups, each consisting of three replicates of 12 birds. The control group received no additives, whereas the second and third groups were supplemented with A. annua extract at concentrations of 10 mL/L and 20 mL/L of drinking water, respectively. All birds were fed the same commercial diet throughout the 28‑day experimental period. The results revealed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, total white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils. However, highly significant differences (P < 0.01) were recorded in packed cell volume and monocytes, with the highest values observed in the group receiving 20 mL/L. Lymphocyte counts were highest in the 10 mL/L group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also detected in triglycerides, with the highest levels observed in the 20 mL/L group, while the 10 mL/L group exhibited a highly significant increase (P < 0.01) in glucose concentration. The control group showed the highest urea level. No significant differences were observed in total protein, HDL, LDL, cholesterol, albumin, or globulin among treatments. These findings suggest that Artemisia annua extract may influence certain hematological and biochemical variables in broilers, particularly at higher inclusion levels, without adversely affecting major blood constituents.
Artemisia annua, broiler chickens, hematological parameters, biochemical profile, herbal extract
A Comparative Study Between Conventional Power Generation Plants and Renewable Energy Generation Technologies Using Solar (PV) Panels and Wind Energy in Libya
Energy systems in Libya share many of the same characteristics found across developing countries, relying heavily on traditional electricity generation methods such as fossil fuels and natural gas. This dependence results in high electricity costs, significant fuel consumption, and increased pollution and carbon emissions. In recent years, advancements in renewable energy technologies have created an opportunity to address these challenges and enhance the affordability and sustainability of the national energy system. This study highlights the comparison between conventional power generation plants and renewable energy technologies, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each in order to adopt the most suitable option and incorporate it into future expansion plans to meet the growing demand for energy and reduce the costs of its production and transmission to load centers.
Renewable Energy, Gas Turbine Power Plant, wind power plants, Fuel Consumption
Assessment of Infestation Severity by Scale Insects and Citrus Leafminer and Evaluation of Cultivar Susceptibility in a Citrus Orchard in Qasr Ben Ghashir, Libya
Scale insects and the citrus leafminer are among the major pests affecting citrus productivity and fruit quality in Mediterranean environments, including Libya. This study aimed to evaluate the infestation severity of three scale insect species: California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), black scale (Chrysomphalus ficus), and purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii), in addition to the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), on six citrus cultivars (Fresh Lime, Kenyan local, Java, Lime, Kenyan American, and Abu Surra). The study was conducted in an orchard located in Qasr Ben Ghashir (Jefara Plain). Samples were randomly collected by examining 100 leaves and 25 fruits per cultivar from five trees. Infestation percentages were calculated for leaves and fruits. The results showed clear variation among cultivars in infestation levels. The Kenyan local and Fresh Lime cultivars recorded the highest infestation percentages with California red scale (36.8% and 36.6%, respectively), while Abu Surra exhibited complete resistance. The highest citrus leafminer infestation was recorded on Lime and Fresh Lime cultivars (48%). These results reflect genetic differences in cultivar susceptibility and support the use of less susceptible cultivars within integrated pest management programs to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides.
Citrus, Scale insects, Citrus leafminer, Integrated pest management, Libya
Optimization of Machining Parameters for Minimum Surface Roughness in Turning of Aluminium- Magnesium Alloy Using a 0.4 mm Nose Radius Tool: A Taguchi Approach
This study presents a systematic investigation to optimize the turning parameters in order to minimize surface roughness (Ra) of an Aluminum–Magnesium alloy (Al3Mg) using a CNC turning machine and a cutting tool insert with a 0.4 mm nose radius. The work employs the Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology to analyze the effects of three main control factors (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut), each at three levels. An L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. In this study, the “smaller-the-better” signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was utilized as the performance metric to evaluate surface roughness. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the statistical significance and percentage contribution of the turning parameters. The optimal parameter combination for the 0.4 mm nose radius tool was: Cutting Speed (B3) = 900 rpm, Feed Rate (A1) = 0.3 mm/rev, and Depth of Cut (C2) = 1.0 mm. The ANOVA results indicated that feed rate was the most significant contributing factor, accounting for 88.97% of the total variation in surface roughness, followed by cutting speed (4.44%) and depth of cut (3.14%). The predicted surface roughness under optimal conditions was 508.21 µm. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Taguchi methodology for process optimization, leading to improved surface roughness with a minimal number of experiments.
Taguchi method; surface roughness; CNC turning; ANOVA; cutting parameters; Aluminum–Magnesium alloy
Secondary Metabolite Profiling and In Vitro Bioefficacy of Retama raetam Extracts Using Bacterial Test Systems
The increasing global concern regarding reduced effectiveness of conventional antimicrobial agents has intensified interest in identifying alternative bioactive resources of natural origin. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and in vitro bioefficacy of Retama raetam crude extracts using selected bacterial test systems, namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Aerial parts of the plant were collected from Al-Zawiya, Libya, shade-dried, and extracted using ethanol, methanol, and distilled water through cold maceration. Extraction yield varied according to solvent polarity, with ethanol producing the highest yield. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins, with a comparatively higher abundance of bioactive constituents detected in the ethanolic extract. Biological response was assessed using the agar well diffusion assay against standardized inocula (0.5 McFarland). The ethanolic extract demonstrated pronounced inhibitory activity, particularly against P. aeruginosa (40 ± 1.2 mm), while moderate inhibition was observed against S. aureus and E. coli. No detectable inhibition was recorded against Klebsiella spp. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences among extracts (p ≤ 0.05). The observed bioactivity may be attributed to the synergistic action of phenolic compounds and alkaloids capable of influencing bacterial membrane integrity and metabolic pathways. These findings position R. raetam as a promising reservoir of biologically active secondary metabolites and support further quantitative, mechanistic, and minimum inhibitory concentration investigations to clarify its functional potential
Retama raetam, phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial resistance
Physicochemical Parameters of Drinking Water Produced by Small-Scale Desalination Plants and Their Impact on Consumer Safety in Sabratha, Libya.
This study addresses the fundamental nexus between water security and environmental sustainability by examining the physicochemical properties of drinking water and evaluating the operational efficiency of small-scale desalination and filtration plants in Sabratha, Libya. Considering increasing groundwater salinity and deteriorating quality, these plants have emerged as a strategic solution to ensure the sustainability of water supplies. This field study aims to measure the capacity of these systems to remove salts and bacterial contaminants, providing drinking water with balanced physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The research scope includes analyzing water quality from multiple sources (shallow wells, groundwater, and public distribution networks), with a focus on assessing water used in vital facilities such as hospitals, medical laboratories, and food industries. Preliminary results indicate a wide proliferation of these technologies, accompanied by a remarkable disparity in quality standards and the technologies employed. The study seeks to provide a comprehensive scientific evaluation linking the performance of these plants with standard health criteria, thereby contributing to the enhancement of sustainable water management strategies and the reduction of health risks associated with water pollution in coastal areas.
Water Security, Sustainability, Desalination Sustainability, Drinking Water Quality, Microbial Disinfection, Sabratha City
Calibration of Radiation Detectors for Monitoring and Decontamination of Radioactive Surface Contamination
This study presents a systematic approach for managing radioactive surface contamination and evaluating the effectiveness of decontamination procedures. The methodology involves the calibration of three distinct radiation detectors: Monitor E, Monitor S, and NE BP1/4, followed by the identification of the contamination source. Instrumental monitoring was integrated with smear testing to assess the efficacy of surface decontamination. This was performed by wiping the contaminated areas with specialized filter papers and measuring the residual radioactivity. The results demonstrated successful surface decontamination; subsequently, the generated radioactive waste was collected and disposed of in compliance with established radiological safety guidelines. Waste disposal procedures were initiated once the total accumulated activity reached the regulatory limit of 370 kBq, as determined by the filter paper measurements.
Surface Radioactive Contamination, Decontamination, Radiation Monitoring, Smear Test, Radioactive Waste, Detector Calibration
Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Groundwater After a Major Flood Event in Darna City
This study evaluates the impact of severe flooding caused by Storm Daniel on groundwater quality in Derna city. Groundwater samples from five wells were collected immediately after the flood and analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. Wells 1 and 2 were located within the flooded area, while Wells 3, 4, and 5 were nearby but were not submerged. The results indicate that the pH values of groundwater samples ranged from 7.17 to 7.61, remaining within the permissible limits set by both national (Libyan standards, 2008) and international (WHO guidelines, 2003) water quality standards. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels were generally within acceptable limits, except in Wells 1 and 2. The highest TDS concentration was recorded in Well 2 at 1837 mg/L, followed by 1147 mg/L in Well 1. Electrical Conductivity (EC) values exceeded the permissible limit of 1400 µS/cm in several wells. The highest EC value was recorded in Well 2 at 3675 µS/cm. The concentrations of cations (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺) were mostly within allowable limits. However, sodium levels exceeded the standards in some samples. Among anions, sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and chloride (Cl⁻) concentrations were notably elevated, especially in Wells 1 and 2, exceeding both national and international permissible limits. The total bacterial count per milliliter detected in the well water revealed the presence of bacteria in Wells 1 and 2. Notably, water from these wells was found to be unfit for drinking.
The Potential of Exploiting Renewable Energy in Libya Using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis Model
The utilization of renewable energy constitutes a primary global strategy to overcome future energy challenges and secure a sustainable supply. Libya faces chronic power outages that adversely affect electricity consumers. Currently, electricity generation relies heavily on fossil fuels, contributing to significant environmental risks and climate change. Conversely, Libya possesses abundant renewable resources due to its strategic location within the "Sun Belt". This study aims to assess the feasibility of adopting renewable energy in Libya using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis framework. The findings indicate that key strengths include Libya's strategic geographical location and its substantial solar and wind energy potential. However, significant weaknesses involve political and investment instability, continued fossil fuel subsidies, and administrative corruption. Consequently, the transition to renewables should be encouraged by leveraging opportunities for regional and international integration.